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Bibliographical Data
| Title: | Pressure Control During Oil Well Drilling |
| Author: | Pål Skalle |
| Subjects: | Earth Science, Engineering, Environment |
| Key words: | Oil, drilling, gas, pressure |
| Education Level: | Higher Education |
| License: | All Rights Reserved - Standard Copyright |
Abstract
Porous sedimentary formations penetrated by the rock bit contain fluids such as oil, gas or salt water. If the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid drops below the formation pore pressure, pore fluid will enter the well and “kick” the mud out of the well. To control the pressure while drilling you need to understand the behavior of gas. This book aims at explaining the physics and the engineering approaches behind pressures in the sediments, detection of unstable wellbores, equipments necessary to close and kill the well, killing methods and offshore challenges.
1. Introduction
1.1 The drilling process
1.2 Geological sediments
1.3 About Pressure Control in sedimentary rocks
1.4 Principle of barriers and safety aspects
1.5 Scope of this book
2. Pressure in the sediments
2.1 Sedimentary pressure prediction models
2.1.1 Overburden pressure and associated porosity
2.1.2 Normal pore pressure
2.1.3 Abnormal pore pressure
2.1.4 Fracture Pressure
2.2 Quantifying formation pressure
2.2.1 Overburden pressure
2.2.2 Abnormal pore pressure
2.2.3 Fracture pressure
3. Well Control Equipment
3.1 BOP stack and associated equipment
3.1.1 Shutting off the annulus
3.1.2 Shutting off the drill string
3.2 Remote control of the BOP
3.3 Volumetric unstable well (kicking well)
3.4 Closing procedure
4. Standard killing methods
4.1. Surface and bottom pressure of a shut in well
4.1.1 Stabilized pressure just after shut in
4.1.2 Gas percolation in a closed well
4.1.3 MAASP
4.1.4 Estimating kill mud weight and safety factors
4.1.5 Composition of infl uxing pore fluid
4.2. Hydraulic friction during killing
4.3. Killing by means of Driller’s Method
4.3.1 Six phases of killing
4.3.2 Critical pressures during killing
4.4 The Engineer’s Method and kill sheet
4.5 Killing when unable to circulate from bottom
5. Deviatory behavior of gas
5.1 Transport of gas
5.1.1 Gas bubbles
5.1.2 Gas bubble velocity
5.1.3 Well bore pressure during stationary gas flow
5.1.4 Surface pressure during killing
5.2 Gas solubility
5.2.1 Solubility in general
5.2.2 Solubility of gas in liquids
5.2.3 Operational problems related to dissolved gas
6. Narrow pressure window
6.1 Lowered mud window in deep wells and in deep water
6.2 High annular friction pressure hidden in SICP
6.3 Modifi ed killing procedure with BOP on seabed
6.4 Killing highly inclined wells
7. Special offshore safety issues
7.1 Low sea temperature
7.1.1 Hydrates
7.1.2 Gelled mud in cold pipelines
7.2 Other deep water problems
7.2.1 Riser Margin and riser disconnect
7.2.2 Gas trapped in BOP or hidden in Riser
7.3 Shallow sands below deep water
7.3.1 Shallow water flow
7.3.2 Shallow gas
7.3.4 Killing procedure in shallow sands
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